Decision-making and Information Politics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Decision-making and Information Politics - Essay Example Responsibility refers to the concept of being accountable for every action an officer undertakes, while authority refers to the ability of an officer to influence the behavior of individuals. Empowerment in relation to governance means the authority an officer has towards acting on the decision made. Communication is the exchange of ideas or information pertaining to the policy or decision that has been made. For IT governance to achieve success, the authorities concerned must show the values of transparency, appropriate representation and support (Birrell, 2012). Transparency refers to availing information on the process itself, and this includes on how the decisions are made, and who are the individuals who make the decisions. Appropriate representation denotes the representation of people who might be affected by the decisions made, while support refers to the ability of an organization to mobilize the support of its IT governance structure. The organization should seek the support of every one interested with its affairs, and this includes its employees, and members of the public. The IT governance has a structure component, which provides an answer to what is governed, and who governs it. My university of study has a centralized IT governance model divided into four sections (Brisebois, Boyd and Shadid, 2010) , The first level of the governance structure is the strategic level, and it comprises of the senior most executives of the business entity. The main focus of governance at this level is to align the education strategies of the university, with its information technology strategy. At this stage, the committee creates the vision of the vision of the university, and how information technology will help it achieve its vision (Weill and Ross, 2004). The second level of the IT governance structure is the executive level. This stage

Issue in Corporate Failure of Bank Essay Example for Free

Issue in Corporate Failure of Bank Essay It also raised millions of revenue by accounting techniques to show false profits and hided their losses which occur in trading and bad debt. The biggest bank fraud in history According to Manhattan District Attorney Robert M. Morgenthau, the BCCI scandal that came to light in 1991 was the largest bank fraud in world history. Perhaps no other criminal enterprise has involved or at least embarrassed so many prominent people, from billionaire Arab sheikhs to Third World dictators to present and former leading figures in the U. S. and British governments. Certainly none could match the international web of financial chicanery, political intrigue, and unsavoury figures with which BCCI was said to be associated. (Source: Encyclopaedia Encarta 2007) BCCI was engaged in four major frauds. One was a cover-up of $633m of losses on treasury trading. The second was the illegal acquisition through nominees of several banks in the US, in which it spend $346m. The third was a complex manipulation of accounts to prop up its largest borrower, the gulf shipping group of Pakistan, to which it lent more than $725m, which was over the limit set by banking regulations. The fourth was fundamental fraud by which BCCI allegedly acquire secret control of 56% of its own shares at a cost of over $500m. BCCI was a serpent eating its own tail. These sums add up to more than $2bn. But this is a minimum: it omits the enormous cost to BCCI of financing its secret losses. The manipulation to cover up the fraud involved another $2bn, bringing the grand total to well over $4bn. BCCI frauds were the main reasons for its corporate failure. The scale the fraud is breathtaking enough. But while most frauds involve the disappearance of real money, BCCI did the exact opposite. It manufactured billions of dollars out of nothing to conceal gaping holes in its balance sheet, like a giant game of ‘Double Your Money’. This involved extraordinary financial gymnastics and illegal loans on a huge scale. When BCCI finally came crashing down, it was not with a thud, but in a shower of paper. (Behind Closed Door: FT Publication) BCCI initiated every single route to excel its growth. In a first place its corporate structure was so complicated which involved uses of shell corporations frequently termed as satellites, bank confidentiality and secrecy. BCCI’s top management including nominees which also includes some famous personalities in politics were involved in corruption and made it a supreme atmosphere for crime. BCCI’s criminalities included, †¢Fraud by BCCI and BCCI customers involving billions of dollars; money laundering in Europe, Africa, Asia, and the Americas; †¢BCCIs bribery of officials in most of those locations, †¢Support of terrorism, arms trafficking, and the sale of nuclear technologies; †¢Management of prostitution; †¢The commission and facilitation of income tax evasion, smuggling, and illegal immigration; †¢Illicit purchases of banks and real estate. Source: Walker, L. 2001) Abdul Basir, head of BCCI Pakistan operation, says: â€Å"We looked after clients in the most efficient, personalised manner. † The diamond market which is home to Lahore’s famous dancing girls, Prostitutes, who for centuries have provided entertainment for emperors and their cour tiers – and latterly for politicians, Arab Sheikhs and bankers. BCCI used these girls to treat Arabs rich businessmen and major shareholders. BCCI’s Zafar Iqbal, former chief executive, was in charge of managing prostitutes. Corporate Failure of BCCI There were two main reasons of BCCI’s corporate failure apart from their criminal activities. These were high risk loans and trading. A bank’s treasury plays a key role in managing its financial affairs by trading large amounts of money and currencies. Some if this dealing is done on behalf of clients. But bank treasuries also speculate on whether currencies will rise or fall, using their own money. BCCI was no exception. According to Price Waterhouse, the bank combined these two activities by trading huge amounts of clients’ money – but in its own name, and without their knowledge.

King Lear :: Literary Analysis, Shakespeare

â€Å"...the error of age is to believe that experience is a substitute for intelligence.† (Lyman Bryson) In the play King Lear by William Shakespeare, such an idea is explored. Lear is a King who is physically aged but as the play progresses, it becomes clear that he lacks the intelligence which usually accompanies it. The play is set in a time where the King was equal to God himself, he was set apart from the common man as somewhat of a transcended being. Shakespeare breaks this unspoken relationship through the events of his play. Lear’s rash decision to banish his loving daughter Cordelia and hand total power of his kingdom over to two his uncaring daughters, Goneril and Regan sets of a chain of events which send him on a downward spiral to become the basest of human beings. Shakespeare uses the characters of the Fool, Cordelia, Kent and Goneril as well as irony, foreshadowing, and diction to portray Lear as nothing more than an unseeing old human being. The Fool is a character in the play who is the embodiment of Lear’s conscience and through him, the audience is able to witness the folly of the King. His name bears quite a significant irony as throughout the play it is made apparent that it is the Fool who is the wiser. He states that, â€Å"this fellow banished two on’s daughters, and did the third a blessing against his will† (1,4,101-103) The Fool lays bare the folly Lear in not recognising the worth of a true daughter yet through his foolish act, he has done Cordelia good. In a way this irony of the Fool foreshows the future judgement of this judgemental monarch. In the play it is Cordelia who is banished and the other two who have blessings poured on them, but the Fool provides the audience with a different perspective on this matter; one, which is increasingly unapparent to the ailing King who is quick to continue his living in denial, stating that, â€Å"[All] This is nothing, Fool† (1,4 127) Shak espeare’s placement of the Fools as Lear’s conscience allows the audience to feel the emotions which the king should be experiencing. In the event of Cordelia’s banishing â€Å"the Fool hath much pinned away† (1,4,71-72) Shakespeare shows the Fool’s sadness to contrast with the apparent lack of some in the King. This also evokes audience empathy. Through the Fool Shakespeare is able to convey to the reader the apparent folly of a vain King and the enormity of his folly.

Here Lizard Lizard Essay -- essays research papers fc

How the Snake Lost Its Legs In the article "How the Snake Lost Its Legs," Carl Zimmer wrote about the common theory of snake evolution is about to be questioned. All vertebrates that live on land whether mammalian or reptilian are known as tetrapods. In most animals these feet evolved into other limbs, like arms for humans and into wings for birds; however, the snake lost its four feet altogether. The only sign that snakes ever had four feet is a remaining hip located within the rib cage. Paleontologists and herpetologists alike find it difficult to retrace the ancestry of snakes. Because of their scales, eggs, and subtle features of the skull, some scientists believe that snakes are descendants of lizards. However, this still does not explain how snakes lost their legs. In 1970, a three-foot-long creature, Pachyrachis Problematicus, was discovered near Jerusalem. A Hebrew University herpetologist studied the fossil and suggested that even though the animal looked serpentine there was not enough evidence supporting the theory that it was related to snakes. In 1996, Michael Lee and Michael Caldwell studied the fossil more thoroughly. Lee stated that "The first thing that you've got to do is look at every possible animal it could be related to", he and Caldwell concluded that the Pachyrachis had many snake like characteristics.(Zimmer p.32) For example, "the body is long and sinuous: it has 140 vertebrae in its trunk; most lizards have just 25.&q...

Compensation of special groups: A Sports Sales Plan Essay

Of the above information, what is most important in your design of a sales incentive plan for the three sales staff? How does this information affect your plan design? In order to increase the sales there should be an analysis that will identify how to create a plan that will motivate employees to sale more premium tickets which are more expensive but it will bring an ultimate balance of maximizing profit based on the sales. If all premium seats are sold the bigger the incentive the sales representative will receive. Incentives also give the employee a more personal stake in the company’s mission; if the company excels the employee benefits. The information provided definitely affects the complexity of the plan design, the plan needs to be able to cover all employees’ efforts regardless of what department (sales or marketing) they are working in. In this case the success of one team could potentially benefit the other. If sales team fills the stadium ads team can sale m ore ads. Your book talks about unit rate plans, Which of these type of plan would you use for sales of tickets. Which plan might be appropriate for sales of advertising? Why? For this particular scenario the rate plan that seems to fit best will be a group plan, each group would need to adhere to a set standard or measure. All employees must understand how his performance affects the company’s goals and other teams that might not be so closed to their specific task assignment. If the sales team is not performing on selling tickets and the stadium continues to be empty this might cause the advertising team to have a harder time selling ads. On the other hand the advertising teams should have a base line of maximizing efforts based on their experience and customer relations. Ad revenue should bring equal or higher amount than ticket sales. Plan recommendation for sales team should  be as follow: Any Bleacher tickets sales will receive 2%. If achieve Premium tickets of 1,600 tickets or more would receive 5% incentive. If achieve Standard ticket sale of 7,000 tickets or more would receive 10% incentive, anything above 7,001 tickets would receive 15% incentive. Standard ticket average sales is higher than premium tickets, standard sells an average of 6,000 tickets = $54,000 vs. 1,500 tickets $18,000 sell for premium. It is recommended that the sales team increase the standard sales tickets since those are more appealing to the consumers to buy. What factors influence the dollar amount you can pay for increases in ticket sales? The incentive given to the sales team based on the increase of tickets sales. Based on the calculations they should put more effort into the sales of the standard tickets since those are the tickets that ultimately could generate more revenue. As far as the marketing team they should be able to increase ads sales based on the promise of the sales team to increase ticket sales and fill the stadium, they should utilize a best business practice and combine several ads packages to accommodate corporation to purchase more ads for longer terms.

Free Essays on Why We Cant Wait

, and a story of one man’s private and public struggle for civil change. However, this book also serves as a document marking how far America has developed since 1963. Being a compilation of letters, stories, and experiences the most important letter in the collection is the letter of Dr. King’s from the Birmingham jail. Here Dr. King explains his actions in Birmingham, Alabama to some of the clergymen who have criticized his work. During Dr. King's time in Birmingham he campaigned a nonviolent search for desegregation and with it he had an outline to follow. â€Å"In any nonviolent campaign there are four basic steps: collection of the facts to determine whether injustices exist; negotiation; self-purification; and direct action† (66). Dr. King knew that one could not wait for people to change their attitudes of beliefs, but to help them see the error of their beliefs, this was the main idea of his campaign. â€Å"For years now I have heard the word ‘WAIT!’ It rings in the ear of every Negro with piercing familiarity. This ‘wait’ has almost always meant ‘NEVER’"(69). It is easy for people who are not being oppressed, such as whites in this book, to tell others that they need to wait. Dr. King and his followers saw their families and friends were the victims of oppression and violence and they knew something... Free Essays on Why We Can't Wait Free Essays on Why We Can't Wait Reverend Dr. Martin Luther King Jr.’s Why We Can’t Wait was written and published in 1963. The name of the period of the history when this book was published is called the civil rights movement. During this time in American history was the struggle to desegregate cities in many major southern cities such as Birmingham and Montgomery, Alabama where most of the book is centered. Why We Can't Wait is an explanation of why the African American population could not wait any longer for desegregation. It is not only an explanation of this question; the book is also a history lesson, documentary in words, and a story of one man’s private and public struggle for civil change. However, this book also serves as a document marking how far America has developed since 1963. Being a compilation of letters, stories, and experiences the most important letter in the collection is the letter of Dr. King’s from the Birmingham jail. Here Dr. King explains his actions in Birmingham, Alabama to some of the clergymen who have criticized his work. During Dr. King's time in Birmingham he campaigned a nonviolent search for desegregation and with it he had an outline to follow. â€Å"In any nonviolent campaign there are four basic steps: collection of the facts to determine whether injustices exist; negotiation; self-purification; and direct action† (66). Dr. King knew that one could not wait for people to change their attitudes of beliefs, but to help them see the error of their beliefs, this was the main idea of his campaign. â€Å"For years now I have heard the word ‘WAIT!’ It rings in the ear of every Negro with piercing familiarity. This ‘wait’ has almost always meant ‘NEVER’"(69). It is easy for people who are not being oppressed, such as whites in this book, to tell others that they need to wait. Dr. King and his followers saw their families and friends were the victims of oppression and violence and they knew something...

service and products Essay

service and products Essay service and products Essay Car dealerships and cars are the selected services and products for identifying process design approaches. There are three contrasting approaches for service and they are: self-service, product line approach, and the personal attention approach (Larson & Gray, 2006).†¨ Product Line Approach within a car dealership deals with the efficiency of production services. In this approach, the company controls the execution of each outlet in order to ensure rapid financing and or purchasing of a quality safe service. (Chase, et al. 2006). This approach will be helpful for car dealerships because through this the company will be able to deliver good quality services to the customers. †¨ Self-service Approach: This approach includes customers in the production of services to help enhanced the efficiency of services. This design approach will also be supportive for the customers because it allow one to have input on how car dealerships handle issues in the office and online. Car dealerships deal with customers that say they are just looking versus if they really want to purchase a car, financing, and paperwork issues. People now a days go to the internet first. A down side to visiting a show room is because 88% of customers said they received a lousy presentation and demonstration, and 85% of consumers say their salesperson did not control the sales process or build any rapport or interviewed their sales person. (Dealers Refresh, 2015). Customers that use the self- service approach are mostly the customers that are on line and this does help dealerships focus on the delivery of effective and efficient services in shorter period of time. The personal Attention Approach emphasizes the development of a relationship between customers and the sales person to ensure effective customer services. â€Å"According to Dealer Refresh, 78% of customers that visit a showroom buy a vehicle, 38% of customers purchase a car within 4 hours of visiting their first dealership. (Dealer Refresh, 2015). The use of this approach helps build support and loyalty from the company and the customer. Just like services a product has its own design processes for management and they are: job shop, batch production, assembly line and continuous flow. In the Job shop process task to be completed are handle either by a group of workers or a single worker.†¨In batch production the

Sound And the fury essays

Sound And the fury essays THE SOUND AND THE FURY William Faulkner's background influenced him to write the unconventional novel The Sound and the Fury. One important influence on the story is that Faulkner grew up in the South. The Economist magazine states that the main source of his inspiration was the passionate history of the American South, centered for him in the town of Oxford, Mississippi, where he lived most of his life. Similarly, Faulkner turns Oxford and its environs, "my own little postage stamp of native soil," into Yoknapatawpha County, the mythical region in which he sets the novel (76). In addition to setting, another influence on the story is Faulkner's own family. He had three brothers, black servants, a mother whose family was not as distinguished as her husband's, a father who drank a lot, and a grandmother called Damuddy who died while he was young. In comparison, the novel is told from the point of view of the three Compson brothers, shows the black servant Dilsey as a main character, h as Mrs.! Compson complain about how her family is beneath her husband's, portrays Mr. Compson as a alcoholic, and names the children's grandmother Damuddy who also dies while they are young. Perhaps the most important influence on the story is Faulkner's education, or lack thereof. He never graduated from high school, let alone college, and in later life wryly described himself as "the world's oldest sixth grader." He took insistent pride in the pre-intellectual character of his creativity, and once declined to meet a delegation of distinguished foreign authors because "they'd want to talk about ideas. I'm a writer, not a literary man" (76). In writing The Sound and the Fury, Faulkner pays no attention to normal literary work. He often uses incoherent and irrational phrases to bring the reader into the minds of the characters. This background, together with a believable plot, convincing characterization and important literary devices enables William Faulkne...

Iraq war Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Iraq war - Essay Example Several have taken place from the time to time in the Middle East. But somehow the US- Iraq war remains the most significant of them all. US formed alliance with Israel to accomplish this mission against Iraq. The war had changed many aspects in both the countries. In Iraq, US dominion was started which continued till date. After it lost the war, it came under direct control of US government. Presently, Iraq is facing the terrible consequences of war. It had lost its secular state, its welfare limited and its dignity lost. But on the other hand, US too had to pay a certain price for the win. Apart from war casualties, it had faced a huge blow from economic point of view. In Iraq, the US motto was not to end the reign of Saddam Hussein, but something more than that. Surely, it had won the war, but at price which often shocked the rest of the world. US army, even the high- order military personnel illegitimately arrested innocent civilians, killed them, deported them and often even tor tured them to death. Thus, total loss incurred can broadly be divided into three segments: human loss, financial loss and physical loss. Numerous surveys and researches have attempted to find out the exact number of death causalities in Iraq. The US have followed the Vietnamese model of not counting the total number of dead, likewise, they have not provided actually number of civilian dead (Steele, and Goldenberg) The war has surely increased violence all over Iraq, which is continues till date. The Iraq Body Count (IBC) has claimed that there have been 1,220,580 victims, including war period and post war casualties, with a majority of the families losing more than one family member. Yet other sources like Baltimore/ Lancelet figure claims that Iraq has experienced more deaths. According to Frederick â€Å"Skip† Burkle, the survey had deliberately ignored the number of deaths caused by secondary causalities. Insufficient health- services, unemployment, poverty, loss of family and emotional loss, etc also lead to death of thousands of Iraqis. Civilian death in Iraq numbers somewhere around 104,000 with another 230,000 reported as missing. But all the sources unanimously agree to the fact that the war with US has devastated Iraq, making it struggling hard for survival and sustenance. US was also affected claiming 4000 lives, though the number much less compared to Iraq’s (Steele and Goldenberg). Another situation of human loss occurred when hundreds of thousands of Iraqis fled from their homeland. The chief reason behind this was terror, bloodshed and tyranny inflicted by the US soldiers. The political unrest made the lives of Iraqis so difficult that they sought refuge in other parts of the globe, especially in Jordan and Syria, who is Iraq’s neighboring countries. This was further confirmed by the Iraqi Exodus video which states that Iraqi immigrants have increased the total population of these two countries. However, lives of those new im migrants were not easy. They are facing more hardships because of lack of work permit and shelter (Benson). However, it has to be remembered that that the US- Iraq war not only carries superficial financial loss, but also macroeconomic costs. The war has resulted in higher consumption of resources, than that was estimated before the war started in 2003. Oil prices shot from $23 in 2003 to $90 in US, as an aftermath of US- Iran war. Firstly, war hampered the regular supply of oil from Middle East countries including Iraq and Iran. Secondly, war increased consumption of

Commercial banks in Saudi Arabia Dissertation Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

Commercial banks in Saudi Arabia - Dissertation Example However, besides improvement of an economy, it is very important that commercial banks must look into their internal aspects and ensure fulfilment of their own objectives that is to achieve profitability that is the foremost and basic objective of every commercial organization around the globe. In this regard, while commercial banks play an imperative role in a country’s economy, they put efforts to ensure their own sustainability, as well as environmental sustainability that subsequently results in their own profitability. In this regard, there exist various determining factors that decide profitability of banking institutions, especially commercial banking organizations and it is important to analyze such factors. Significance In particular, it is an observation since the period of recession, a huge number of banking organizations are confronting problems in ensuring their profitability, and thus, outcomes of the proposed research will be effective in understanding different factors that play a crucial role in ensuring profitability in commercial banks. In addition, results of the proposed research will enable banking students to acquire a critical perspective of different processes of commercial banking that cause success or failure in terms of profitability, and therefore, understanding of the proposed research’s outcomes will be very significant in eliminating any adverse factors from the processes. At the same time, it will allow the potential bankers to give significance to factors that play a noteworthy role in guaranteeing profitability in the commercial banking industry. Research Objectives Before carrying out research, it is very imperative that the researcher ensures clarified understanding of aims and objectives, as it is an observation that vague objectives often result in unproductive outcomes, and thus, the research proposal will now include aims and objectives of the proposed research: Identify and examine different internal and e xternal factors that play a crucial role in affecting the profitability of commercial banking organizations Scrutinize the extent of impact of such factors in different banking processes Study the effects of identified factors in the case study of a commercial banking organization in Saudi Arabia Identify and recommend strategies that may ensure positive impact of studied factors on profitability of commercial banks, specifically, in the corporate culture of Saudi Arabia Research Statement In this regard, the researcher will focus on the following research statement to fulfill the aims and objectives of the research: â€Å"To identify and analyze the factors that affect profitability of commercial banks, specifically, in Saudi Arabia† LITERATURE REVIEW Commercial banks are a key aspect in the financial growth as well as stability of nations. They are the main providers of funding for development ventures, credit and services for business dealings. They as well have an effect on money supply within the financial system through lending practices. Commercial banks in Saudia have shown record financial performance during the last five years, along with impressive economic development. The challenge for banking industry is to launch inventive ways in its functions leading to better financial

Work sheet Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Work sheet - Assignment Example lingering aftermath of the 2010 BP oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico, a contemporary technical innovation which provides a â€Å"new method to improve the efficiency of cleaning up oil spills, using magnets† (Hall, 2012), holds significant potential. This new method is the brainchild of Markus Zahn, a professor of electrical engineering at MIT, and the research team led by Shahriar Khushrushahi of MIT’s Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science. MIT had a breakthrough in January, and unveiled its new concept in September this year, posting it as a YouTube video. This innovation originated in Zahn’s concept that, if oil was magnetic, it could be easily separated from water using magnets. It works on the concept of magnetized fluids, or ferro-fluids. These are synthesized fluids, made up of 10 nanometer magnetic nanoparticles coated with a surfactant to stabilize it within a host liquid. They are typically water or oil based. The mixture of oil and water is collected in a restricted space. The oil is made magnetic by the addition of the magnetic nanoparticles. The magnetic oil is then separated from the water, using large magnets, giving clean water and magnetic oil. Using existing technology, the magnetic nanoparticles are removed from the oil, and the oil is recovered and recycled. (Zahn and Khushreshahi, in Hall, 2012). The concept is implemented through an arrangement of cylindrical magnets which are embedded vertically in a large tank. Globules of oil from the magnetic oil and water mixture rise above the water line and are scoope d up by large magnets. (Casey, 2012). The current methods of cleaning oil spills are of five types, each of which is attended by significant shortcomings. The first method just leaves the oil alone, letting it disperse by natural means. This has the possibility of polluting coastal regions and marine industries. The second method uses dispersants to break up the oil and accelerate its natural biodegradation. The

Vodun Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Vodun - Essay Example The slaves from Africa practiced their inherent religion when they were brought to other places (Belgum, 1991; Robinson, 1998). Vodun went though a history of persecution. In the reign of Christianity and Muslim in the colonial era, the people that practiced this religion were killed and the establishments and places of worship were annihilated. Conversion to Christianity is widespread in the regions where African slave are deployed. Another contradiction was experienced during the Marxism era. There were deemed to have occurred due to the threat that it incurred on the stability of other religions. Another reason that is perceived is the unconventional practices of the group that can be unacceptable to people outside the religion. Even in Benin where the religion was practiced, also experienced period of decline but was regained in 1989 during the democratic leadership and had become the official religion in 1996. There are also groups in the North America that practices this religion. In the South America similar religions that can be related to Vodun are Umbanda, Quimbanda and Camdomble. In fact, the pres ent population of people that practice Vodun reaches to 60 million allover the world (Belgum, 1991; Robinson, 1998). In the study on the African religion, specifically the Vodun and other related religion, certain impartialities are often experienced. This is on the basis of the accounts that can be observed on the early studies that are conducted. Thus, the determination of the facts and the deciphering of the through behind these religions that are often treated with hostility is a challenge. The problems are oftentimes related to the generalization of the practices of the religions which can be considered rare and unique, thus, is not patterned to other religious practices. This is the main reason for such contempt over the religion that are usually described negatively when seen from the outside due to the fact that powers of the Supreme Being is depicted through the terror it can bring to the mortal (Clarke, and Sutherland, 1991). Although the religion receives criticisms on the basis of the unconventionality of the beliefs and the practices of faith, this very characteristic is the subject of admiration of the groups that are open to eccentricity of different religions. This is due to the meekness of the practices and the expression of great care, sympathy and compassion the natural spirit of the world (Clarke, and Sutherland, 1991). Through the analysis of the African religion through the opposing points of view of the groups that affirm or contradict the Vodun and other related religion, it can be deemed that focusing solely on the eccentricity and unconventionality of the religion works for both ways in relation to the acceptance and propagation of the religion. It can either permit or hinder the growth of the religion. In relation to the views on the Vodun religion in Africa, the insight of the Protestant missionaries is an important affective factor on the development of the religion. The missionaries deemed that Vodun hinders the development of the Africans. This view is due to the fact that they consider this religion as a primitive belief that causes the stagnation of the outlook of the people and affects the economy on the basis it is the main religion on the nation (Clarke, and Suth

Principles of Marketing for Business Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Principles of Marketing for Business - Essay Example One such theory is the Maslow’s hierarchy of needs proposed by Abraham Maslow. Their motivational theory is largely based on a hierarchy of needs. These hierarchical levels can be defined into lower to higher levels as shown in the figure below: Figure 1: Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs (Source: Phinney & Halstead, 2003, p.15) Marketers can use this theory in conducting market research about consumer behaviour of a target market audience. It is a well known fact that a successful product is largely one that can satisfy the needs and wants of the customers. Hence marketers spend considerable time and resources towards trying to figure out the demands of the customers. The model of hierarchy shows that only when the needs in the lower part of the pyramid are fulfilled the individuals are motivated to fulfil the next level. Marketers can therefore use this model to predict the needs and wants and also use surveys to find out the level of the needs that are being satisfied by t he present product offering. Adequate motivation can be provided in the form of innovative advertising strategies so as to motivate individuals to move to the next level of hierarchy. An example in this regard is the computers. Initially computers were desktop based devices and thus fulfilled the basic needs of computing, however as the basic needs of individuals got fulfilled they wanted more value from the products. The arrival of laptops and now tablets is a classic example of how this motivational theory can be used by marketers to gain competitive advantage. Question 2 Choose a product and explain how the market for that product could be segmented. One of the most useful and highly innovative products is the tablet PC. The tablet PC is actually a modification of the laptop and is much smaller in size but has advanced functions and can be very well used as a mobile computing device. The market for tablet PC can be segmented on the basis of price as well as quality. In the curren t situation a tablet PC would be designed that would have optimal functions and same looks but would be priced on a lower level. The market for tablet PC’s can be segmented on the basis of income levels and age. The low cost tablet would be specifically targeted for the student segment. The product features of the product would be such that it would tend to satisfy all the needs of students with regards to using such devices in their educational needs. It will not carry advanced features like 3G or other high end graphics that are essentially not required for students in their educational activities. The product would come at a very low price tag of only 40 US dollars. The above stated segmentation strategy can largely be stated to be price and need based segmentation of the market. In the case highlighted above the product is segmented for lower income group individuals with a specific need. In this case students perfectly fall into this segment. Other than this there are st atistical techniques and tools like cluster analysis and factor analysis that can be used by marketers as a marketing research tool. Gathering real and live data from the market can help generate even better analysis and results and help generate competitive advantage in the market. Part 2 The environment The market environment is perhaps a very important area for marketers. Any organization is largely

Vodun Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Vodun - Essay Example The slaves from Africa practiced their inherent religion when they were brought to other places (Belgum, 1991; Robinson, 1998). Vodun went though a history of persecution. In the reign of Christianity and Muslim in the colonial era, the people that practiced this religion were killed and the establishments and places of worship were annihilated. Conversion to Christianity is widespread in the regions where African slave are deployed. Another contradiction was experienced during the Marxism era. There were deemed to have occurred due to the threat that it incurred on the stability of other religions. Another reason that is perceived is the unconventional practices of the group that can be unacceptable to people outside the religion. Even in Benin where the religion was practiced, also experienced period of decline but was regained in 1989 during the democratic leadership and had become the official religion in 1996. There are also groups in the North America that practices this religion. In the South America similar religions that can be related to Vodun are Umbanda, Quimbanda and Camdomble. In fact, the pres ent population of people that practice Vodun reaches to 60 million allover the world (Belgum, 1991; Robinson, 1998). In the study on the African religion, specifically the Vodun and other related religion, certain impartialities are often experienced. This is on the basis of the accounts that can be observed on the early studies that are conducted. Thus, the determination of the facts and the deciphering of the through behind these religions that are often treated with hostility is a challenge. The problems are oftentimes related to the generalization of the practices of the religions which can be considered rare and unique, thus, is not patterned to other religious practices. This is the main reason for such contempt over the religion that are usually described negatively when seen from the outside due to the fact that powers of the Supreme Being is depicted through the terror it can bring to the mortal (Clarke, and Sutherland, 1991). Although the religion receives criticisms on the basis of the unconventionality of the beliefs and the practices of faith, this very characteristic is the subject of admiration of the groups that are open to eccentricity of different religions. This is due to the meekness of the practices and the expression of great care, sympathy and compassion the natural spirit of the world (Clarke, and Sutherland, 1991). Through the analysis of the African religion through the opposing points of view of the groups that affirm or contradict the Vodun and other related religion, it can be deemed that focusing solely on the eccentricity and unconventionality of the religion works for both ways in relation to the acceptance and propagation of the religion. It can either permit or hinder the growth of the religion. In relation to the views on the Vodun religion in Africa, the insight of the Protestant missionaries is an important affective factor on the development of the religion. The missionaries deemed that Vodun hinders the development of the Africans. This view is due to the fact that they consider this religion as a primitive belief that causes the stagnation of the outlook of the people and affects the economy on the basis it is the main religion on the nation (Clarke, and Suth

Revolutionary War Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Revolutionary War - Essay Example Many of these tribes remained neutral. For centuries the tribes were dominated by the land-hungry colonists, and these tribes feared that the war would bring back the colonists in place of the British. Hence, there were those tribes, the loyalists, who fought on the side of the British, and battled against the colonists on their own. The patriots considered the Indians as a threat during the war. The Patriots identified the Native Americans as savages which only proved their extreme dislike for the tribes. The American Revolutionary War was in many ways a civil war. This can be said because most of the land oriented wars were fought within the United States. Secondly, loyalists who proved their allegiance to the British crown formed 20 to 30 percent of the population. The loyalist groups in many places openly battled against the patriots.1 It is believed that the neutrals formed the largest group. Since a large number of Americans remained in a dilemma whether or not to support the B ritish crown, the war became a battleground to win the confidence of the wider population. If the Patriots with their propaganda agenda could manage to divert the public psychology towards revolution, then it would be an utter failure for the British. After that, the British would lose the allegiance of the common people even if they could gain military victory. Therefore, the British understood the need to garner support from the American public. Many colonists had threefold reasons to support the British – some supported the British in anticipation of military victory, some joined the British side merely out of loyalty, while there were farmers who sold their lands to the British for profit. The loyalists spread misinformation about the patriots, infiltrated within the patriots. The loyalists persistently planted seeds of discord within the wider population. However, in the long run the patriots managed to garner more public support with their war of propaganda. The patriot s felt threatened by the loyalists on the home front and so did everything to weaken their strength by arresting them, seizing and burning their property. They subjugated the loyalists by using violence on them.2 Eventually, many of the loyalists left the American soil to settle in Canada, Florida, West Indies or Britain. An estimated 100,000 loyalists left America and they were branded as traitors. The public wrath against the loyalists declined in the 1790s and they could again reenter the American mainstream society. Violence against them ceased, although laws against them remained unchanged till the War of 1812.3 The British faced many military limitations to retain the loyalist’s support like they could not use harsh measures to suppress rebellions. This was an advantage for the patriots, although many neutral colonists were forced to join the ranks of the Revolutionaries. II. What role did women and Native Americans play in the Revolution? The American Revolutionary War was essentially a colonial war fought between the British and the colonists. Between 1772 and 1774 when the tension was at peak, many public figures convinced the ordinary citizens to participate in the war against British oppression. Through the means of propaganda the citizens were provoked against the British

Langston Hughes Salvation Essay Example for Free

Langston Hughes Salvation Essay In this essay I will not only â€Å"inventory† my college readiness experience but I will also attempt to critique my own life skills as to assess my ability to excel in the college experience. Looking into the â€Å"Habits of Mind†, I understand you asked me to elaborate on one however two stand out. I would like to take the opportunity to expound on two. The first being metacognition, I am a conscious thinker. I consciously reflect on my past experiences personal and professional to determine my future endeavors. I believe success is a building block process. I have gained knowledge cognitively and intellectually by engaging in life as a whole. Past educational as well as life experiences have created a knowledge base that was honed by maturation. My personal life choices as well as a varied career in the military have given me insight into a knowledge base that has equipped me to with life skills that continue to go hand and hand with my professional goals. Most importantly completing a college degree. My second â€Å"Habits of Mind† skill I readily use is persistence; I can be dogmatic in my approach to success. This skill comes from a successful military career. I do not use the word can’t it is not in my vocabulary. I spent thirty years in the military all over the world because of this I was unable to complete my college degree. However it was always a goal I knew I would accomplish. I am now here to complete my goal. Now in all honesty I must expound on what I need to develop out of the eight habits I think I need to explore â€Å"Creativity† not that I am not creative but my military experience molded my state of mind for many years. I am still adjusting to civilian life and the freedom that it brings. This is a work in progress and knowing a weakness gives you the knowledge base to change and diversify my skills in the needed areas. In conclusion I am enjoying my college years and I am able to focus on the experience in its entireity because I am an older student. I don’t know if after high school I would have valued it as much as I do now. I make every day a learning day and I value the importance placed on my personal growth thru my educational experience.

Public Health Awareness Of HIV Health And Social Care Essay

Public Health Awareness Of HIV Health And Social Care Essay Although human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection has killed more than half a million people in the United States, a comprehensive public health approach that has stopped other epidemics has not been used to address this one. When HIV infection first emerged among stigmatized populations (homosexual men, injection-drug users, and immigrants from developing countries), the discriminatory responses ranged from descriptions of AIDS as retribution to violence and proposals for quarantine, universal mandatory testing, and even tattooing of infected persons. This response led to HIV exceptionalism, an approach that advocated both for special resources and increased funding and against the application of standard methods of disease control.1 The need for extra resources remains essential, but the failure to apply standard disease-control methods undermines societys ability and responsibility to control the epidemic.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Now, given the availability of drugs that can effectively treat HIV infection and progress on antidiscrimination initiatives, perhaps society is ready to adopt traditional disease-control principles and proven interventions that can identify infected persons, interrupt transmission, ensure treatment and case management, and monitor infection and control efforts throughout the population (Table 1). Doing so will have political and economic costs. The political costs include offending both sides of the political establishment: conservatives who oppose the implementation of effective prevention programs, including syringe exchange and the widespread availability of condoms, and some HIV activists who oppose expansion of testing, notification of the partners of infected persons (also known as partner counseling and referral services), and what some see as inappropriate medicalization of the response to the epidemic. The economic costs, particularly to improve population-w ide case management and notification of partners, would be substantial. But the human and economic costs of failing to adopt a comprehensive public health approach are much higher.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Table 1. Comparison of Public Health Approach to HIV Infection and Other Infectious Diseases.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  We have identified and elucidated the biology of the virus, established and improved diagnostic tests, and created effective drugs and care systems that have reduced the number of deaths from AIDS in the United States by 70 percent since 1995.2 However, 25 years into the epidemic, progress is stalled. The number of deaths among people with AIDS has not declined since 1998, and the number of newly diagnosed cases is rising slightly.2 Disease transmission continues at the same or, possibly, a slightly higher rate.3 High-risk behavior remains common and is increasing in some groups. Late diagnosis of infection is common.3 Notification of the partners of infected persons is rare.4 Black and Latino patients are less likely than white patients to receive optimal care.5 Few patients in care receive counseling about preventing transmission of the virus.6 All these trends are apparent in New York City, which is home to one in six of all U.S. patients with AIDS.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Case Finding and Surveillance   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  When HIV testing became available 20 years ago in the absence of treatment and in the context of discrimination, the use of prescriptive regulations mandating counseling and separate written consent, based largely on the genetic-counseling model of testing for untreatable conditions, was reasonable. Today, the existence of these regulations and the separation of counseling and testing from routine medical care result in missed opportunities to diagnose, treat, and stop the spread of HIV infection. Nearly half of black men tested in public venues where men who have sex with men congregate (e.g., bars, bathhouses, and parks) in 2004 and 2005 were HIV-positive, and two thirds of those who were positive were unaware of their status.7 Our outdated approach to HIV screening means that we not only fail to identify infected patients promptly and thus allow the epidemic to continue to spread, but we may also perpetuate HIV-related stigma by targeting screening only to those pe rceived to be at risk. Routine, voluntary HIV testing in health care settings, although advocated by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) for more than a decade,8 widely recommended,9 and cost-effective,10 has not occurred. In New York City in 2002, only one third of adults who had had three or more sex partners in the preceding year and only half of men who had sex with men who had had three or more partners had been tested for HIV in the previous 18 months.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Early diagnosis is essential both to link patients to effective care and to prevent the spread of infection. The CDC estimates that more than half of new HIV infections are spread by HIV-positive people who are unaware they are infected.11 In nearly 40 percent of persons who received a diagnosis of HIV infection, AIDS either was concurrently diagnosed or developed within a year.3 They had been infected with HIV for about a decade; health care and other institutions missed many opportunities to diagnose their infection. As a result of delayed diagnosis, such patients are sicker when they begin to receive care and will thus die sooner than those whose infection is diagnosed promptly. Many unwittingly spread HIV to their spouses, partners, and others. Once they know their diagnosis, people infected with HIV reduce their practice of high-risk sex by about half,12 and the risk of heterosexual transmission, at least, is further reduced by treatment that decreases the viral load to below 1500 copies of HIV type 1 RNA per milliliter.13 Voluntary HIV screening and linkage to care should become a normal part of medical practice, similar to screening for other treatable conditions, such as high cholesterol levels, hypertension, diabetes, and breast cancer. Screening and linkage to care are especially important in communities with a high prevalence of HIV infection.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The partners of more than two thirds of people with newly diagnosed HIV infection do not receive organized partner notification, and when contact is attempted, the rate of success varies greatly.4 The notification of partners by public health counselors is more effective than notification by individual patients,14 but this approach is rare in most areas. As a result, most partners are not notified of their exposure or offered testing, contributing to late diagnosis and continued spread of HIV. Of 4312 persons with newly diagnosed HIV infection in New York City in 2003, information on these persons partners was available for less than a fifth and testing results were confirmed for fewer than 200 partners. In addition, the policy of offering partner notification only at the time of diagnosis ignores the continuing high-risk sexual behavior of many HIV-positive persons. Systematic notification of partners by public health personnel and the use of newer antibody or nuclei c acid-amplification tests in addition to traditional methods could identify social networks and acute or early HIV infections and could potentially stop clusters of transmission.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Interrupting Transmission   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The application of the public health principles of near-universal screening and treatment has all but eliminated transfusion-related and perinatal transmission of HIV.3 Among injection-drug users, syringe-exchange programs and widespread voluntary screening for the virus reduced the rate of transmission by 50 to 80 percent.15 Further progress in preventing HIV infection is possible interventions to change behavior work16,17,18,19 but reducing sexual transmission is challenging. Evidence-based ways to reduce high-risk behavior include promoting the use of condoms and making free condoms widely available,16,19 including in schools20; making clean needles readily available to people who inject illicit drugs21; and community interventions.19   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Condoms, which can substantially reduce transmission,16,22 are not widely available nor is their use strongly promoted, and they are still used infrequently in high-risk sexual encounters.23 Most injection-drug users in the United States continue to use nonsterile needles.24 Until recently in New York City, condom-distribution programs were limited, even in high-risk settings, and several neighborhoods in need of syringe-exchange services were not served by these programs.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Systematic Treatment and Case Management   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Standard public health approaches that have either not been applied or been applied inconsistently to HIV prevention and control efforts include public health monitoring to ensure that all HIV-infected patients receive quality care, providing public health support through referrals and outreach for patients who are not receiving effective treatment, monitoring of CD4 cell counts and viral loads to identify patients who may be candidates for treatment or who are lost to care, and assisting clinicians with outreach and partner notification. Although HIV infection remains incurable, AIDS is now a chronic disease for those fortunate enough to receive effective treatment. The use of effective treatment that incorporates risk-reduction counseling,25 including distribution of condoms, promotion of the use of condoms and clean needles, and treatment for substance abuse and mental health conditions, would improve individual treatment outcomes and reduce disease transmission, b ut it is uncommon.6   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Case management is prominent in the HIV service delivery system, yet few if any jurisdictions ensure that every patient is offered effective treatment and prevention services. Public health interventions to monitor and improve HIV case management can be effective26 but are rare.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Population-Based Monitoring and Evaluation   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  It took nearly two decades to make HIV reportable throughout the United States, and named reporting is still not universal. Although information on CD4 cell counts and viral loads is collected in most jurisdictions, monitoring these data to determine patients progress is rare. Surveillance for drug-resistant strains of virus in patients who have never been treated is generally not conducted. Information on viral loads, CD4 cell counts, and drug resistance recently became reportable in New York State, thus making it possible to identify patients who are not receiving effective care, monitor trends in drug resistance, potentially identify clusters of disease, and potentially provide physicians and their patients who are not receiving care with more intensive services. Publicly funded case management, treatment, and service systems are not effectively coordinated to ensure a continuum of care. Effective population-based monitoring and evaluation would track not only the incidence, prevalence, and mortality of HIV infection, but also indicators of the interruption of transmission, such as the use of voluntary testing, proportion of partners notified, linkage to care of those who test positive, and success at reducing viral load when treatment is clinically indicated.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The spread of HIV could be reduced substantially if newly infected people promptly learned of their status, reduced high-risk behaviors, and when clinically indicated, began and continued treatment that suppresses viral replication. But few if any jurisdictions even attempt to monitor whether all HIV-infected people receive effective treatment, let alone intervene to provide additional support when patients do not start, discontinue, or do not respond well to treatment. New York City, which has one of the nations strongest case-management infrastructures, has no systematic citywide information available on whether patients have begun, are continuing, or have a virologic response to treatment.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Conclusions   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Proven interventions, such as the use of condoms, clean needles, and expanded voluntary screening, and linkage to care, could prevent most HIV infections.27 Improving community-based efforts and counseling of individual patients to prevent transmission, supporting patients to facilitate their return to care, and improving the availability of effective treatment could further reduce transmission. But 25 years into the epidemic, we do not consistently apply these proven strategies.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Cost-effective programs include mass-media education campaigns, efforts to make condoms widely available, and interventions to change high-risk behavior in groups with a high prevalence of HIV infection.19 Routine, voluntary screening for HIV is indicated on the basis of clinical efficacy and cost-effectiveness,10 and the cost is moderate, as compared with that of many other health interventions. Notification of an infected persons partners after counseling and testing prevents infections and probably saves money.28   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Using the current CDC estimate of 40,000 new HIV infections per year, the potential to prevent half to two thirds of these infections, and the current average lifetime cost of care for a patient with HIV infection of $200,000,29 more effective epidemic control would save between $4 billion and $5.4 billion per year. Widespread availability of condoms, syringe-exchange programs, public health notification of the partners of infected persons, and improvement of case management and monitoring systems would be unlikely to cost more than an additional $1 billion to $2 billion per year nationally two to three times the current CDC funding for HIV prevention.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Controlling epidemics is a fundamental responsibility of the government, working in concert with physicians, patients, and communities. There is a delicate balance between protecting the public and the individual right to privacy. Until we implement prevention programs with proven efficacy more widely, make voluntary screening and linkage to care a normal part of medical care and expand screening in community settings, and improve treatment, risk reduction, monitoring, and partner notification, we will continue to miss opportunities to reduce the spread of HIV infection.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Some religious and political groups oppose the use of effective prevention measures. Some advocacy groups oppose expansion of screening and funding of government programs for prevention and control of HIV infection. Some doctors, health care facilities, and organizations will oppose increased monitoring of treatment efficacy; moreover, this cannot be accomplished without additional resources. There are few models for this approach, although Malawi has begun to apply public health principles to testing, treatment, and monitoring.30 Although stigma and discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation continue, advocacy has resulted in substantial progress, including antidiscrimination statutes in many states and increasing numbers of jurisdictions that recognize the rights of domestic partners. The world has changed in the past 25 years, and approaches to HIV prevention must also change. If we fully apply public health principles to the HIV epidemic, we can improve the health of people living with HIV infection and prevent tens of thousands of people in this country from becoming infected with HIV in the next decade.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  We are indebted to Drew Blakeman for assistance in the preparation of the manuscript and to Colin McCord and Mark Barnes for helpful comments.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Source Information   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  From the New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene, New York.

Neurofeedback and ADD :: Neurology Disorders Papers

Neurofeedback and ADD What is ADD? ADD is an acronym for Attention Deficit Disorder (this can also be known as ADHD [Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder]). â€Å"Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder is characterized by an age-inappropriate level of inattention, with or without impulsivity and overactivity, that occurs across settings, causes functional impairment and cannot be attributed to another disorder† (Mercugliano 831). This is one of the most common psychiatric disorders amongst children today. According to Linder, Habib, and Radojevic (1996), ADD affects between 5% and 15% of children. DSM-IV CRITERIA FOR ADHD A. Either 1 or 2 (or both): 1. Six or more of the following symptoms of inattention have persisted for at least 6 months to a degree that is maladaptive and inconsistent with developmental level: Inattention a. often fails to give close attention to details or makes careless mistakes in schoolwork, work, or other activities b. often has difficulty sustaining attention in tasks or play activities c. often does not seem to listen when spoken to directly d. often does not follow through on instructions and fails to finish schoolwork, chores, or duties in the workplace (not due to oppositional behavior or failure to understand instructions) e. often has difficulty organizing tasks and activities f. often avoids, dislikes, or is reluctant to engage in tasks that require sustained mental effort (such as schoolwork or homework) g. often loses things necessary for tasks or activities (e.g., toys, school assignments, pencils, books, or tools) h. is often easily distracted by extraneous stimuli i. is often forgetful in daily activities 2. Six or more of the following symptoms of hyperactivity-impulsivity have persisted for at least 6 months to a degree that is maladaptive and inconsistent with developmental level: Hyperactivity a. often fidgets with hands or feet or squirms in seat

Movie Violence Essay -- essays research papers

Since I am not a fan of viewing blood, and the violent actions that causes it; I decided to watch a movie in which the violence is less grotesque. The movie that I chose to watch was â€Å"Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets.† I chose this movie because I have recently read that the children’s book series Harry Potter has been rated amongst the most violent books meant for young readers.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   If you look at â€Å"Harry Potter† through a uses and gratifications perspective, children would most likely watch the first â€Å"Harry Potter† for entertainment, but continue to follow the series out of curiosity. Since â€Å"Harry Potter† is an ongoing series that is continually publicized by the media; more children want to know what it is about, so therefore in order to ease their curiosity they watch the movie. The more a child watches of â€Å"Harry Potter† the more of a Harry Potter fan he or she becomes. Since Harry Potter is now becoming a role model for these kids, they will eventually start to play Harry Potter, and most likely mimic what they see in the movies. Most of the scenes in the â€Å"Harry Potter† series contain at least one or more acts of violence. One of the worst scenes in Harry Potter is one that includes two of the professors, and their demonstration on how to battle with their wands. After their demonstration they also c hose two students; Harry and Malfoy, to do a student demonstration. This scene practically tells children that are viewing it that it is oka...

Ottoman Empire Study Guide Essay

Devshirme: Every 2 years or so, young Christians were taken and trained and converted to Islam. They would either be janissaries (foot soldiers) but ones with â€Å"intellectual promise† went to work in the government. Many became powerful. Some were slaves? Because the enslavement of the Muslims was not allowed. The power was NOT hereditary (like the Chinese). So the sultan surrounded himself with people who did not have families. Millet System: Each religion had their own leader -Kept Jews and Christians happy -But they were still viewed as second-class citizens. -Everyone in a Millet still had to pay taxes to Empire though. -The Christians and Jews had to pay a special tax called the Jyzia. Jyzia was expensive tax. It showed favor to the Muslims. If you converted to Islam then you would not have to pay the tax. -Jews normally had more respect for this system because they never really were respected and had a country -Muslims regarded the Christians and Jews with a sort of respect because they are all Abrahamic Religions. But they were skeptical of Christianity because of the holy trinity and they believed that that meant they were poly, not monotheistic. Sà ¼leyman: â€Å"Suleyman the Magnificent† -10th Ottoman Sultan -Had great army -Warlike -Enforced the â€Å"Law of Fratricide† which was the act of killing all male relatives of the sultans so they would not over take the throne. -Was married to Hà ¼rrem (the smiling one) who was the â€Å"head concubine† fell in love with her. This was unusual because by this time it was not necessary for alliances through marriage to be formed. Selim the Sot: Successor of Suleyman. -Did not do much. Slacker. Preferred Eunuchs and concubines, and drank a lot Murad III: Successor to Selim -Manipulated by mother and wife -But still had military advances Mehmet: †¢Sultan Mehmet II -Conquered Constantinople †¢renamed it Istanbul †¢largest city in Europe (700,000+ people) †¢architecturally unbelievable (symbolized wealth and power) -Formed a navy †¢enabled Ottomans to conquer Venice and Mediterranean Islands -Improved Army †¢guns + gunpowder + technical advantages -portable guns Decline of Ottomans: Inflation, created an atmosphere of bribery and corruption. Not able to pay Janissaries so they no longer had complete power. Army became less efficient. Sultans stopped training their sons to rule so they became terrible rulers. So power went to the Janissaries and became a hereditary thing. Empire soon began to be ruled by the military.

Short Story and Grace Paley

The brakes screech to a halt, the passengers topple over, and the child falls into a tragic death. In the short story, â€Å"Samuel,† by Grace Paley, a young boy loses his life while engaging in a risky type of playtime with his pals. Although it is a terrible happening, it makes you first ask, â€Å"Who is to blame?† After reading the story thoroughly, it becomes very evident that the boys were taking a risk, ignoring authority, and acting foolish. These boys couldn’t have known what was going to happen, but they also did nothing to prevent this tragedy. The four little boys in the story of â€Å"Samuel† are taking part in a dangerous pastime, hopping back and forth between two subway cars. Although the story does not depict the age of the boys, we can infer that they are of a responsible age. If these children are old enough to be out on their own hopping train cars, with their parents aware, then they are old enough to know the risk factors. The boy knew that this was a daring act, but continued in his carefree actions. The reader can only assume that the four boys had as much responsibility for their well-being as their caretakers did. The boys were just having fun, but there are times in life that the fun may be too costly. Alfred, Calvin, Tom, and Samuel were not aware of half of the things that could go wrong, but the older passengers, such as the mothers, could only imagine. At one point, an older lady tried to correct the kids, â€Å"You boys will be hurt. You’ll be killed.† The boys ignored the woman’s warning and laughed. If the kids would have accepted their correction with respect, things might not have ended so brutally. After reading this passage, most of us can logically assume that this wasn’t an intelligent pastime. Jumping trains and climbing walls is not the safest, nor smartest thing one can do. They had been warned by an adult of their actions. Neither the forbidding woman, nor the man who pulled the emergency cord can be faulted. The woman tried to settle the boys, and the man’s intentions are not visible. A problem occurred when the boys became foolish and too playful. The boys were callow and made matters worse by not weighing consequences on an already careless act. By their lack of discipline, authority, and sense, Samuel fell to his untimely death that day. The blame can be placed upon many different characters, but only the boys could take full responsibility for their actions under the given circumstances. It is a heart-breaking story, but it is a tragedy that could have easily been prevented.

Microeconomics Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 3

Microeconomics - Assignment Example A good graphical representation of functional utility is shown below. Marginal rate of substitution represents the rate at which customers are ready to give up one commodity in order to exchange while ensuring a same level of utility. MRS varies with points along the indifference hence it is vital to keep locally in the definition. In addition, MRS of a commodity X is equivalent to the marginal utility of X over the marginal utility of Y. a. An increase in the price of a normal good: This had direct effect of changes in income on consumption choice. In this case, consumers buy more goods when their income rises as the prices remain fixed in the market. In this case, a change in the income of the buyer causes the demand curve to shift. This is evident through a negatively sloped demand curve to counter the space in the exhibit. Therefore, the increase in demand causes an increase in demand and a shift to the right of the demand curve for living space. b. A decrease in the price of an inferior good: In the market, a decrease in the prices of such goods leads to increase in the equilibrium quantity demanded. Therefore, the substitution effect would force the consumer to buy more of the good. c. An increase in the price of a Giffen good: In economics, an increase in the prices of Giffen good increases the quantity of the good that is demanded in the market. This results to an upward sloping demand curve due to interactions of the income and substitution effects. The income effect can be positive or negative when the price of these goods

Teaching and learning strategies integration Research Paper

Teaching and learning strategies integration - Research Paper Example These strategies are classified under two categories: (1) Activity Based Strategies and (2) Cooperative Based Strategies. Furthermore, the last few sections of the paper will give an overview of the different learning style theories discussed by Jonnassen & Gabrowski (1993). This research hopes to gather information that will be instrumental for curriculum design and lesson delivery at USASMA. Field Trips/ Staff rides. One of the methods used to develop leadership among military officers involves visiting a historical site and applying the theoretical understanding of the technical lessons in class. The process is able to link a historical event, preliminary studies and actual terrain so students can construct battle analysis. â€Å"Revisiting battlefields in a thoughtful and structured way helps connect today’s officers to military history† (Stofft, 1998, p. 16). Prior to the trip, participants are given all the necessary information through lectures and classroom discussions. This is the preliminary study phase. In the field study phase, the participants relive what took place by following the course of action based on what they have learned. At certain points, selected individuals may be asked to play out some roles. The last phase is the integration phase where the facilitator contextualizes the battlefield at the present day issues and problems. Everyday, at least one staff ride is taking place signifying its importance as a teaching technique. Staff rides place the participants in the shoes of the decision makers in the past so they learn from historical data and use it as a guide for future reference. It is also considered as a legitimate preparatory training experience in national defense. Commanders who have undergone staff ride trainings reiterate the value of military history â€Å"in supplementing current doctrinal, operational, and technical

Down's Syndrome into a Mainstream Primary Literature review

Down's Syndrome into a Mainstream Primary - Literature review Example Down syndrome accounts for around 5-6% of intellectual retardation, though the mental retardation in children with Down syndrome is mostly mild or moderate. There are some characteristics that make a child with this disorder easily recognizable. Children suffering from Down syndrome or mongolism as it was traditionally referred are known to have a small body stature, protruding tongue, as a result of having a small oral cavity, thick folds in the corners of their eyes and having a low muscle tone. The condition is noticed in a child either during birth or in a prenatal screening. However, the physical conditions in children suffering from this condition differs greatly, with some children with Down syndrome requiring a higher level of medical attention while some just leads a normal life (Down, 1999 p259). Though the Down syndrome condition cannot be treated, health problems related to it can be treated, more so when they are recognized earlier before a child is born and help the chi ld to lead a better life. The condition is related to a delay in the cognitive ability of the child and a slow rate of their physical growth (Beck, 1999 p24). Facial characteristics are the most common of the observable features in a child suffering from Down syndrome. ... bstantial good care, that entails good family support, enrichment therapies and child’s tutoring, children with such a condition can live a better live and advance in their intellectual field to the point of completing high school level or even advancing to post secondary education (Dweck, 1999 p17). This is necessary to make the individuals lead a more normal life, while even indulging in paid employment. Such children suffering from such a disorder are highly prone to some health problems. These include obesity, recurrent ear infections, sleep apnea, and congenital heart defects. Such health problems mostly attack children suffering from the disorder, serving to worsen their lives, if not properly contained at the right stages, since they may lead to complete hearing loss, a lack of sleep and fatal heart diseases. There is therefore a great need to contain the disease, in order to enable the children born with such a disorder to live a better live. This can be afforded throu gh granting the child a suitable care right from their birth, throughout schooling and in their lives after. Thus, the role of a parent and guardian, as well as of other child caretakers and the teachers is a very vital part of the life of a child suffering from this disorder, in making their lives worth living (Wishart, 2001 p64). There are some effective teaching methods that can be implored to integrate a child with Down's syndrome into a mainstream primary school in Ireland. For teachers to apply such effective methods, they need to understand the education needs of such children, learning the severity of such conditions on the child’s cognitive and hearing ability as well as the degree of mental retardation associated with the child (Kingsley & Levitz, 1994 p72). A higher number of

Has or Can the West be a Chance for Islam Essay

Has or Can the West be a Chance for Islam - Essay Example They were naturally inspired by what they had known and experienced in their countries of origin" The democratic society that reigns in America makes major concessions and overtures to all forms of religious practices including education. However, one must address the obvious differences in the social doctrines of Islam and America. Whereas, America has the continuity of a successful democracy, Islam is subject to changes made by approved ulama (scholars). These scholars are often from the Middle East therefore, making changes that suit and reflect foreign sentiments towards American society. These factors have been a major contributor to the rise in terrorist affiliations amongst Western Muslims, as foreign Sheikhs and Mullahs have used aggression to permeate the social fabric of those who form the modern doctrine of Islamic jurisprudence and education in the Middle East. From there, this contaminated doctrine guides the societal pursuits of American Muslim groups. This catalysis effect has caused groups like Al Qaeda who represent the Wahabi sect of Islam which is made up of a minority of 10% of Muslims worldwide to have a dominant influence on what is taught in western madrassahs because of their significant influence in the Middle East that has been projected across over 60 nations abroad. These problems are greatly increased by the strategic alliance that seen Al Qaeda and their fellow Wahabi scholars join forces with Shia and Sunni scholars in the Middle East which represent the leadership of over 80% of Muslims worldwide. This reality brings serious questions to mind as to how to prevent terror from emanating from the Islamic curriculum of western Muslims who either brought this type of doctrine to America from overseas or seek guidance from those who are influenced by the same. Terror based Fatwahs have always benefited from these types of parameters that continue to control the 'Islamic education' in the west.Jones 3 Integration The problems noted in the education section clearly present very serious concerns in regard to integration. What type of integration will take place (terrorist intent or democratic reciprocity) It would be extremely nave for one to suggest that a 'Islamic education' that is contaminated by those with terrorist intent will not make allowances for societal catalysis effects that are negative and potentially lethal in every sense of the word. It is imperative that western Muslims make significant strides in the way of achieving scholastic autonomy in order to protect their educational system, as this will prove to be a critical step in terror prevention in addition to setting a new precedent in regards to those who think that western Muslims are puppets of scholars in the Middle East. This type of initiative will potentially save thousands of lives through the

Any topc about flying by Olga Mukhina Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Any topc about flying by Olga Mukhina - Essay Example This scene is to be analyzed in relation to the treatment or depiction of time. The scene actually was first described in Part Two of the play entitled Awe (Mukina, 2004, p. 55) where Blizzard, described as the VJ and streetfighting man, alleged that he has to go someplace for an interview. While he was looking for his car, which was a white Lexus, he was approached by Volodya, a character that Blizzard recognized to have seen somewhere. The reader could surmise that their initial encounter was actually at the cafà © where the group initially met Bushy-Tail, the 17-year old waitress. It was in this cafà © where Volodya apparently gave a suspicious glance at Blizzard for making advances to Bushy-Tail, whom Volodya was intently observing. As this, one recognized that there must have been some previous drug activities that Volodya was already apparently observing where Blizzard could have been identified as involved. Therefore, the setting and time element were clearly depicted to be related and where events were apparently intertwined. Due to the suspicion for Blizzard’s apparent involvement in drug activities, he was further searched in his apartment by Volodya and in the presence of Blizzard’s friends: Orangina and Snowstorm. It was in this setting where Volodya found several more evidences of drugs and when the opportune time was noted, when the door to the hallway that traversed to Orangina’s apartment was seen, Blizzard evidently rushed outside of the window and it was at this moment that it was described that he was actually flying. The description of that particular moment seemed to be unrealistic since the moment seemed like eternity. The manner by which the event seemed to be prolonged was the author’s style of describing separate events and situations which go back and forth like a broken continuum. It was during Blizzard’s supposed flight when it was likewise vividly narrated that a dog, named Yo-Yo, supposedly observed

How to Fix Social Security Number Essay Example for Free

How to Fix Social Security Number Essay The social security numbers (SSN) are used to identify participants in the federal government’s social security program, which uses public funds to provide retirement and disability benefits for those who those who are currently eligible, same benefits goes to the worker himself and his family. It is the Social Security Agency (SSA) that provides the social security number (www. standord. edu). The social security number is unique to every individual holder; this is why the government and other agencies used it primarily for identification and administrative purposes. Thus, it can be used for several transactions in the bank, in school or in the company where you work. However, it can be very vulnerable for identity theft. When such instances occur, several steps should be undertaken. If someone knew your number, he can acquire personal information’s about you and used your name either for work purposes or to get credit. File a complaint to the Federal Trade Commission through internet (www. consumer. gov/idtheft) or telephone (1-877-IDTHEFT [1-877-438-4338]). You can also check your social security statement to determine if there are errors in your earnings account. If someone uses your SSN for credit, contact the creditor who approved the credit then file a police report. Call or e-mail fraud department of any of the following credit agencies: Equifax, www. equifax. com; Experian, www. experian. com and TransUnion, www. transunion. com, to help fix your credit records (www. ssa. gov). You can ask them to place a flag on your records that requires the creditors to contact you before approving credits under your name and number, indicate how long your account will be flag and request for a statement on your credit report, however be sure to put your name and contact information for them to call you (www. pueblo. gsa. gov). Another option is to get a new SSN, however it is not guaranteed that it will solved the problem, and you can also contact the Security System for more of your inquiries (www. socialsecurity. gov). References Bechtel International Center. 2006, April 18. Social Security Number. Retrieved April 18, 2008 from, http://www. stanford. edu/dept/icenter/new/orientation/SOCIAL_SECURITY_NUMBER. htm Social Security Online. 2007. Identity Theft And Your Social Security Number. Retrieved April 18, 2008 from, http://www. pueblo. gsa. gov/cic_text/money/idtheftssn/yourssn. html Social Security Online. 2008, January 14. When Someone Else Uses Your Social Security Number. Retrieved April 18, 2008 from, http://www. ssa. gov/oig/hotline/when. htm

Colonization and domestic violence: Strategies

Colonization and domestic violence: Strategies The correlation between colonization and domestic violence is undeniable given the plethora of scholarly and historical data. The main misconception that exists in this area relates to the belief that the violent aspects of colonization and its associated abuse lay directly at the feet of Westerners or other outside cultures and influences. Domestic violence, in its many forms, is forced upon men, women and children from many sources including people in their own society. In addition to the definitions and correlations of colonization and domestic violence, this paper also discusses the colonization, social structure and abuse of Aboriginal Peoples including the Maori tribe of New Zealand, Native Americans, and the First Nation communities of Canada as well as the diseases thrust upon the colonists by the colonizers. Also examined are the relationships between modern abuse related to colonised cultures and its possible prevention. Domestic Violence The United States Justice Department’s Office on Violence Against Women provides a definition of the various types of domestic violence: We define domestic violence as a pattern of abusive behavior in any relationship that is used by one partner to gain or maintain power and control over another intimate partner. Domestic violence can be physical, sexual, emotional, economic, or psychological actions or threats of actions that influence another person. This includes any behaviors that intimidate, manipulate, humiliate, isolate, frighten, terrorize, coerce, threaten, blame, hurt, injure, or wound someone. (2014) The types of domestic abuse include physical, sexual, emotional, economic and psychological abuse. Domestic violence is not limited to any particular race, religion, gender, age, educational or socio-economic factors. For the purpose of this paper, domestic violence is categorized as violent behavior that has been inflicted on one culture by another since colonization took place. Oftentimes the victims are the colonists who are subjected to abuse in its various forms by the colonizers but eventually that abuse transfers into abuse between members of the oppressed culture. The reasons for the abuse may disappear but the behavior can last and even accelerate through future generations. Colonization The term colonization comes from the Latin for â€Å"to inhabit†. Colonisation most often refers to an outside group moving into a previously inhabited area. Ever since man learned to travel, he has desired to conquer new lands either by developing a profitable relationship with the indigenous peoples or, more commonly, by taking over the land and other resources through a threat of force or through direct violence. Colonisation can be beneficial if it is done with respect and cooperation of the inhabitants. Some regions, especially underdeveloped regions, may benefit significantly from colonization by an outside culture. These regions may experience in an increase in world knowledge, medical care, economic growth and more. There are instances however, that show the dark side of colonization and the domestic violence with which it has often been associated. History is filled with tales of forceful colonization despite the language used to describe it – exploration, emin ent domain, settlements. More often than not when a territory is colonised without the express permission of the colonists, violence ensues. The violence may come in the form of a direct attack or through cultural oppression. The colonists may be imprisoned, raped or beaten into submission. This form of abuse lasts much longer than the life span of the abuser and abused. It is carried into future generations through culture, belief systems and trauma, often causing particular cultures to be more prone to the violence committed against their ancestors or, worse, become the abusers. Correlation between Colonisation and Domestic Violence People intent on colonizing new lands or infiltrating existing cultures typically held the strict belief that their religion, politics, education and culture were far superior to that of the indigenous people therefore it was common practice for the new settlers to impart, often forcibly, their culture and belief systems on the indigenous peoples. As a result of this effort, the indigenous peoples were required to take on the characteristics and culture of the invaders, usually due to the threat of violence. Because indigenous people were often less educated than the invading population, they were seen – and treated – as an inferior society. This is not to say that the indigenous cultures were perfect before they were infiltrated by the colonizers. Each culture has its own unique set of beliefs and circumstances. The difference may be that there is limited, if any, knowledge or documentation on the culture of these peoples before they were colonised. Colonization and Patriarchy Patriarchy, the cultural practice of revering the male gender as the head of society, including the family structure, can be directly linked to colonization and the mistreatment of the female gender. Historically speaking, cultures with a patriarchal view held little regard for the female gender which often permitted substandard treatment of females. This treatment often led to various forms of domestic violence. A patriarchal belief system is common even in the modern world although great strides have been made to protect women and children from violent males often taught to be dominant by colonizing cultures. While the majority of the invading people held a patriarchal view, that is not without exception. Many indigenous cultures are matriarchal in nature, particularly the Native American and First Nation communities of Canada. The shift in leadership from matriarchal to patriarchal often caused women to be viewed as inferior as men were taught not to respect women as they once had. As a result, women in many cultures were viewed as little more than property allowing the male population to treat the women in any way they saw fit, including a cycle of domestic violence that would remain in place for generations. According to Kanuha (2002), there are several strategies for claiming superiority over another gender or culture. The first is to convince the colonists that their ways are superior. The second strategy is to create a delineation between the colonizers and the indigenous peoples through segregation including the separation of men and women. The third strategy of colonization is to use domestic violence to control the colonists. This may include any and all forms of physical, emotional, spiritual and psychological abuse. The fourth strategy is to take control of the colonists’ economic resources including natural resources. The fifth strategy is controlling the culture and limiting outside resources of knowledge and information. In some cultures they are permitted to see only media images of women that were created by men; images that often objectified women. Another form of control is to prohibit the use of native language and education as well as to deny the colonists the opportunity to decide or vote on their own futures. While patriarchy is undeniably tied to colonization, it must be mentioned that men also suffered from these same issues. While men may have been seen as dominant, the colonists were second to the colonizers and therefore often suffered from the same abuses as women. Colonisation and Disease One form of domestic violence is to deny one appropriate health care. During the colonization of many regions of the world, indigenous peoples were exposed to and infected to new diseases brought by the colonists yet were denied adequate care. In fact, many of the colonizers were often quarantined from the recently exposed natives to protect them from diseases they brought to the region. The belief was that the natives, unable to withstand any number of exotic pathogens, were biologically inferior. It was the development of world trade routes as well as the desire to conquer new lands that encouraged Europeans to cross borders into previously unexplored territories. As a result, they infected entire cultures with disease, namely tuberculosis and small pox, two diseases responsible for killing the majority of Americans and Europeans in the 18th and 19th centuries. Additionally, the colonizers tended to bring with them newly domesticated animals which added another level of potential disease to the natives. As the mortality rate of the colonists rose, the colonizers were able to increase their presence and domination over the remaining people and their lands. Colonisation of the Maori, Native Americans and the First Communities of Canada The Aboriginal tribes of the South Pacific, particularly the Maori, have a long and violent history of being colonised by Western Europeans. The Maori were once the colonisers of New Zealand, taking over the island through force and causing the genocide of the island’s indigenous peoples. The Maori began to trade with Europe in the 1700s, bartering fish and land for beads, cloth and other items. When potential invaders attempted to invade New Zealand, the Maori embraced violence and beheaded the infiltrators. They often participated in cannibalism rituals which led to a reputation of the Maori as being brutal savages. The shift toward colonisation began when missionaries arrived in New Zealand with the hope of converting the Maori to Christianity. The missionaries traded goods for land and built New Zealand’s first church. The Maori began to trade in muskets which created an arms race between New Zealand and its neighbors. Violence escalated. Although the Maori and the missionaries tended to remain separate, many Maori began to convert to Christianity. Relationships between Britain and the Maori strengthened. Britain wanted the Maori to pledge its allegiance to the throne in exchange for a guarantee that no one would attempt to rob the Maori of their lands. While many Maori refused to link themselves to the Queen, 46 chiefs signed the Treaty of Waitangi, hoping to end the violence. While the Maori as a whole did not willingly shift to British rule, the region began to thrive from the relationship. Eventually, the British established a new capital in Aukland and the country continued to thrive. The history of the Native American tribes is well documented in most school texts. Christopher Columbus believed he had discovered a shorter route to China when he landed in the Bahamas. Columbus, eager to prove that he was a superior explorer sought only three things in his travels – to educate people about God, to gain glory for his explorations, and to gain fame and fortune from the gold, spices and other resources the trip would provide. Due to these factors, Columbus’ arrival in the Bahamas was ill fated for its people. Columbus and his crew pillaged the land and were, in essence, responsible for the deaths of nearly 60,000 inhabitants of the islands over a period of the next 30 years. Upon arriving in America, Columbus discovered that there were people living on this new land. This contact encouraged other people to travel to the New World. The infiltration of Europeans was not welcome by many of the 160 native tribes. While some tribes were friendly with each other and with the Europeans, many were not. Wars ensued. A large percentage of Native Americans were wiped out by the arrival of small pox, diminishing its population by as much as 70%. As the colonisation of the Americas continued, the Europeans began to outnumber the â€Å"savages†, forcing them into more remote areas of the country. Violence continued to escalate between the Europeans and Native Americans. Although it was the Europeans that began the barbaric practice of scalping, the act was solely attributed to the Native Americans who often retaliated in kind. The reputation of the Native Americans as uncivilized savages grew and along with it, any respect for their culture all but vanished. The legacy of the First Nation of communities mirrors that of the Native Americans and, in fact, they are in some way of the same family as their lands were stolen in the name of capitalism and racism. Throughout 100 years of violence between the Europeans and native cultures, the natives continued to be pushed back until eventually the majority of tribes were relegated to reservations. The segregation and loss of their culture created a wider gap between the cultures. Missionaries continued to attempt to colonise the natives by preaching and introducing modern ways into their culture. Domestic violence between factions continued as women were abused, men were beaten and killed. Women and children were also sold into the slave trade as sexual objects. Prevention of Domestic Violence in Colonised Territories It has been stated that the abuse and objectification of indigenous peoples carries with it a dark stain that has permeated generations. In addition to carrying that sense of shame and continued chain of abuse, each individual in the culture also carries with him a sense of being inferior. This sense of inferiority and the legacy of abuse are two of the reasons that indigenous peoples tend to have a higher rate of abuse as well as suicide. The prevention of domestic violence in colonised territories, despite the location, begins with education. In modern society it is known that abuse in any form is morally and ethically wrong as well as being illegal. Still, incidents of abuse occur every day and perpetrators are often allowed to wander free while the abused suffer. Some domestic violence treatment programmes may give special consideration to the history of trauma suffered by a particular culture, particularly those that have been colonised and show a marked increase of substance abuse or number of psychological issues. One such programme, popular in the United States is the Duluth Model in which the abuser is treated based on his history of trauma, beliefs in victimization and power over the abused as well as the shame factor. The programme has been used in the education and court systems to decrease the percentage of abuse, particularly by men. Smith (2006) states: Researchers are beginning to confirm what common sense dictates: that violence between individuals, while influenced by social and cultural variables, is more parsimoniously explained by an examination of individual characteristics, contexts, and functions of behavior. Not surprisingly, empirical research is beginning to identify shame, individual stressors such as substance abuse and trauma history, and personality characteristics as main contributors to violent behavior in intimate relationships. Smith also intimates that while there are many programmes and models that claim to have the best recipe for preventing abuse, it is not clear if one has any superior efficacy. Smith asserts that domestic violence activists and agencies will see the most success when treating the individual ascribed to the abuse. Conclusion The correlation between colonisation and domestic violence has been proven through myriad scholarly articles, texts and studies. Research has shown that the oppression of the colonists by colonisers creates deep inner turmoil that must be expressed. Since the anger, indignation and shame usually cannot be expressed directly at the abuser, the victim may turn those feelings inward which may result in depression, substance abuse, and even suicide. However, some victims will take out those feelings on others that may be weaker than they. In this case, it is often women and children that may suffer from physical, emotional, psychological, financial and verbal abuse. While many social programmes exist to combat domestic violence, they are often not designed to address the underlying trauma of the victim or the abuser. When one culture has been oppressed by another, a sense of inferiority is instilled. The oppressor intends to take what it wants from the oppressed whether it is land, money or even its own women and children. The oppressor often uses whatever means necessary to achieve his goals and will subject the oppressed to various types of violence and abuse. The oppressor may begin to believe that the violence is justified and that belief, that victim or abusive mentality may remain and perhaps even escalate throughout future generations. As women are objectified due to their cultures and perhaps beaten or raped, they tend to believe that the behavior is â€Å"normal† or perhaps even earned. Combatting those emotions and putting an end to domestic violence among the colonised cultures goes much deeper than the formulation of any law or social programme, no matter how valid. The issue must be addressed at the deepest level – the level of one’s belief system. While many pro grammes may treat only the victim or the abuser, it is imperative that both sides of the conflict be dissected and examined. The history of one’s culture can shed light on personal behavior even if the history seems far removed. Learning one’s history as well as becoming educated on healthy forms of communication and interaction are the only ways in which domestic violence can be effectively addressed. Only then is it possible to perhaps not eradicate but at least lessen the occurrences of domestic violence in these and other cultures.